<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" dtd-version="1.3" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
<front>
  <journal-meta>
    <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">kijohns</journal-id>
    <journal-title-group>
      <journal-title>Karnataka International Journal of Otolaryngology and Head &amp; Neck Surgery</journal-title>
      <abbrev-journal-title>KIJOHNS</abbrev-journal-title>
    </journal-title-group>
    <publisher><publisher-name>KIJOHNS Journal</publisher-name></publisher>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
    <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">69c1690d3c57bfec0f0843f3</article-id>
    <article-categories>
      <subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group>
    </article-categories>
    <title-group>
      <article-title>Tinnitus: Pathophysiology, Management with Glutamate Receptor Antagonists and Antioxidants – A Clinical Study.</article-title>
    </title-group>
    <contrib-group>
    <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
      <name>
        <surname>Kumar</surname>
        <given-names>Rajendran Dinesh</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1">1</xref>
      <email xlink:href="mailto:dinuraj1186@gmail.com">dinuraj1186@gmail.com</email>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
        <surname>Udagatti</surname>
        <given-names>Vithal. D.</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2">2</xref>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
        <surname>Mathew</surname>
        <given-names>Sara</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1">1</xref>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
        <surname>J</surname>
        <given-names>Jeshurun Samuel</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3">3</xref>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
        <surname>Phadke</surname>
        <given-names>Prathamesh</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3">3</xref>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
        <surname>C</surname>
        <given-names>Pooja</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3">3</xref>
    </contrib>
    </contrib-group>
  <aff id="aff-1">Dr.M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, RajaRajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, India</aff>
  <aff id="aff-2">N.R.M ENT Hospital, Near Mahila Samaj, Raichur, India</aff>
  <aff id="aff-3">Dr.M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, India</aff>
    <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
      <day>21</day>
      <month>04</month>
      <year>2026</year>
    </pub-date>
    <volume>1</volume>
    <issue>1</issue>
    <fpage>1</fpage>
    <lpage>4</lpage>
  <history>
    <date date-type="received">
      <day>23</day>
      <month>03</month>
      <year>2026</year>
    </date>
  </history>
  <permissions>
    <copyright-statement>© 2026 Rajendran Dinesh Kumar. Published by KIJOHNS Journal.</copyright-statement>
    <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
    <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
      <ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/>
      <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-01-01">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
      <license-p>This article is distributed under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license.</license-p>
    </license>
  </permissions>
    <self-uri xlink:href="https://kijohns.com/api/article/69c1690d3c57bfec0f0843f3"/>
    <self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="https://kijohns.com/api/download/published/V1_I1/69c1690d3c57bfec0f0843f3_KJOHNS-2026-0001_R1_20260325084625_KJOHNS-2026-0001.pdf"/>
  <abstract>
    <p>Background
Tinnitus, the perception of sound without an external stimulus, is a common symptom in sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). It is frequently associated with excitotoxicity caused by excessive glutamate release and reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to cochlear and neuronal damage.
Objective
To evaluate the efficacy of caroverine and antioxidant combination therapy in patients with cochlear-origin subjective tinnitus associated with SNHL.
Methods
This prospective study included 20 patients aged 20–66 years with subjective tinnitus of cochlear/synaptic origin. Exclusion criteria included objective tinnitus, retrocochlear pathology, Meniere’s disease, drug-induced ototoxicity, and middle ear disease. All patients underwent clinical ENT evaluation, audiometry, and were treated with caroverine (20 mg twice daily) and a combination of rebamipide (100 mg), alpha-lipoic acid (100 mg), and acetylcysteine (100 mg), twice daily for 8 weeks. Those with giddiness received cinnarizine (25 mg) and dimenhydrinate (40 mg). Patients were followed up at 15, 30, and 60 days with repeat pure tone audiometry and clinical evaluation.
Results
Of the 20 patients (10 male, 10 female), complete resolution of tinnitus was observed in 11 cases, partial improvement in 7, and no improvement in 2. Hearing improved in 4 cases and partially in 8; 2 showed no improvement. Giddiness improved completely in 2, partially in 1, and was persistent in 1 case. Thirteen patients were fully satisfied, 3 partially satisfied, and 4 not satisfied with treatment outcomes.
Conclusion
Caroverine and antioxidant combination therapy significantly improved tinnitus symptoms in SNHL patients by antagonizing NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors and reducing oxidative stress. This approach may offer a safe and effective management option for cochlear-synaptic tinnitus.
Keywords: Tinnitus; Sensorineural Hearing Loss; Glutamic Acid; Antioxidants.</p>
  </abstract>
  </article-meta>
</front>
<body>
  <sec>
    <title>Full text</title>
    <p>The full text of this article is available as a PDF. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://kijohns.com/api/download/published/V1_I1/69c1690d3c57bfec0f0843f3_KJOHNS-2026-0001_R1_20260325084625_KJOHNS-2026-0001.pdf">Download PDF</ext-link>. The canonical HTML landing page is <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://kijohns.com/api/article/69c1690d3c57bfec0f0843f3">https://kijohns.com/api/article/69c1690d3c57bfec0f0843f3</ext-link>.</p>
  </sec>
</body>

</article>
